Formulas used:

Spring Rate (k) = (G × d⁴) / (8 × D³ × N)

Deflection (δ) = (F - F₀) / k (if F > F₀)

Spring Index (C) = D / d

Wahl Correction Factor (K) = (4C - 1)/(4C - 4) + 0.615/C

Shear Stress (τ) = (8 × (F + F₀) × D × K) / (π × d³)