Formulas used:

Spring Rate (k) = (G × d⁴) / (8 × D³ × N)

Deflection (δ) = F / k

Spring Index (C) = D / d

Wahl Factor (K) = (4C - 1)/(4C - 4) + 0.615/C

Shear Stress (τ) = (8 × F × D × K) / (π × d³)